Medical expense accounts offer a tax-advantaged means to save and pay for medical expenses not commonly covered by health insurance.
The four types of accounts are:
- Flexible Spending Arrangements (FSAs)
- Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)
- Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs)
- Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs)
These four accounts have different eligibility requirements and contribution rules. The benefits they give to the account holder also differ.
The four types of accounts are similar yet different:
- Flexible Spending Arrangements. A health care FSA is a benefit employers provide that allows employees to set aside pre-tax funds to pay for medical expenses not covered by insurance.
- Eligibility: Generally, any employee is eligible if the employer offers the program. There are exceptions if the employee is highly compensated.
- Taxes: Contributions are pre-tax.
- Contributions and distributions: Contributions are made in equal amounts over the year. There is no government-set limit to the amount of the contributions, but your employer is required to set a limit. You can use the funds for costs covered by the plan. You lose whatever money you don’t spend.
- Health Savings Accounts. This tax-exempt account permits you to use your employer’s contributions and earnings to pay for medical expenses.
- Eligibility: There are many requirements to set up an HSA. It would be best if you were covered by a qualified high-deductible health plan (HDHP). You cannot be covered by any other insurance that helps with medical expenses. You must be under 65 years of age and not claimed as a dependent by another person.
- Taxes: You can make pre-tax contributions to your account. You can also make post-tax deductions and then take a deduction on your tax form. Your contributions grow tax-free until you need them. Withdrawals are tax-free for qualified purposes.
- Contributions and distributions: You and your employer can make contributions. The maximum contribution is $3,200 for an individual and $6,450 for a family. IRS Publication 502 defines qualified medical expenses. Unqualified withdrawals are subject to taxes and a 20% penalty. The 20% penalty only applies to those under 65.
- Funds are allowed to roll over.
- Health Reimbursement Arrangements. An HRA is an account that the employer funds. Employees are reimbursed for medical expenses not covered under the employer-provided health plan.
- Eligibility: Any employee can participate if the employer has an HRA plan. Highly compensated employees can have limited contributions.
- Taxes: You are not taxed for your employer’s contributions.
- Contributions and distributions: Only employers can make contributions. The funds can be used for all qualified expenses, which include health insurance premiums and long-term care insurance. Most employers allow unused funds to be carried over to the following year.
- Medical Savings Accounts. This type of account is mainly obsolete. It is very similar to the HAS but considerably more flexible.
- Eligibility: The MSA was created for self-employed employees and small business employees.
- Taxes: The same tax benefits are found in the HAS.
- Contributions and Distributions: It is impossible to start a new MSA or contribute further to one already established. However, maintaining an existing MSA and taking qualified distributions is permissible. Any unqualified withdrawals are subject to taxes and a 15% penalty for those under 65.
- An MSA can be rolled over into an HAS.
Taking full advantage of your medical expense account can save you money.
These are just the highlights of each type of medical expense account. Be sure to learn more about the type of account that applies to your situation.
IRS Publication 969 covers all the details. Your human resources department should also be able to provide further information about your unique circumstances and enable you to enjoy the maximum benefits.